Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm Essay

Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm Professor John Dunning proposed the eclectic paradigm as a framework for determining the extent and pattern of the value-chain operations that companies own abroad. Dunning draws from various theoretical perspectives, including the comparative advantage and the factor proportions, monopolistic advantage, and internalization advantage theories. Let’s use a real firm to illustrate the eclectic paradigm. The Aluminum Corporation of America (Alcoa) has over 130,000 employees in roughly 43 countries. The company’s integrated operations include bauxite mining and aluminum refining. Its products include primary aluminum (which it refines from bauxite), automotive components, and sheet aluminum for beverage cans and Reynolds Wrap ®. The eclectic paradigm specifies three conditions that determine whether or not a company will internationalize via FDI: ownership-specific advantages, location-specific advantages, and internalization advantages. To successfully enter and conduct business in a foreign market, the MNE must possess ownership-specific advantages (unique to the firm) relative to other firms already doing business in the market. These consist of the knowledge, skills, capabilities, processes, relationships, or physical assets held by the firm that allow it to compete effectively in the global marketplace. They amount to the firm’s competitive advantages. To ensure international success, the advantages must be substantial enough to offset the costs that the firm incurs in establishing and operating foreign operations. They also must be specific to the MNE that possesses them and not readily transferable to other firms. Examples of ownership-specific advantages include proprietary technology, managerial skills, trademarks or brand names, economies of scale, and access to substantial financial resources. The more valuable the firm’s ownership-specific advantages, the more likely it is to inter- nationalize via FDI. One of Alcoa’s most important ownership- specific advantages is the proprietary technology that it has acquired from R&D activities. Over time, Alcoa has also acquired special managerial and marketing skills in the production and marketing of refined aluminum. The firm has a well-known brand name in the aluminum industry, which helps increase sales. Because it is a large firm, Alcoa also profits from economies of scale and the ability to finance expensive projects. These advantages have allowed Alcoa to  maximize the performance of its international operations. Location-specific advantages refer to the comparative advantages that exist in individual foreign countries. Each country possesses a unique set of advantages from which companies can derive specific benefits. Examples include natural resources, skilled labor, low-cost labor, and inexpensive capital. Sophisticated managers recognize and seek to benefit from the host country advantages. Aloca- tion-specific advantage must be present for FDI to succeed. It must be profitable to the firm to locate abroad, that is, to utilize its ownership-specific advantages in conjunction with at least some location-specific advantages in the target country. Otherwise, the firm would use exporting to enter foreign markets.17 In terms of location-specific advantages, Alcoa located refineries in Brazil because of that country’s huge deposits of bauxite, a mineral found in relatively few other locations worldwide. The Amazon and other major rivers in Brazil generate huge amounts of hydroelectric power, a critical ingredient in electricity-intensive aluminum refining. Alcoa also benefits in Brazil from low-cost, relatively well-educated laborers, who work in the firm’s refineries. Internalization advantages are the advantages that the firm derives from internalizing foreign-based manufacturing, distribution, or other stages in its value chain. When profitable, the firm will transfer its ownership-specific advantages across national borders within its own organization, rather than dissipating them to independent, foreign entities. The FDI decision depends on which is the best option—internalization versus utilizing external partners—whether they are licensees, distributors, or suppliers. Internalization advantages include: the ability to control how the firm’s products are produced or marketed, the ability to control dissemination of the firm’s proprietary knowledge, and the ability to reduce buyer uncertainty about the value of products the firm offers. 18 Alcoa has internalized many of its operations instead of having them handled by outside independent suppliers for five reasons. First, Alcoa management wants to minimize dissemination of knowledge about its aluminum refining operations— knowledge the firm acquired at great expense. Second, compared to using outside suppliers, internalization provides the best net return to Alcoa, allowing it to minimize the costs of operations. Third, Alcoa needs to control sales of its aluminum products to avoid depressing world aluminum  prices by supplying too much aluminum into world markets. Fourth, Alcoa wants to be able to apply a differential pricing strategy, charging different prices to different customers. The firm could not differentiate its prices very effectively without the control over the distribution of its final products that internalization provides. Finally, aluminum refining is a complex business and Alcoa wants to control it to maintain the quality of its products.

Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay

Peoples populating with HIV/AIDS face a major economic load on themselves every bit good as their households. This economic load put their households into vulnerable state of affairs by doing them to sell their assets and utilize their economy which in bend puts them in debt. If this economic load can be reduced, PLHA will hold important decrease in mortality and morbidity and their households can populate their lives with less problem and jobs. Aim and aims: To cognize the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS and go toing Link ART Centre in Karkala and Kundapura taluk of Udupi territory which includes their outgo of cost and clip while on ART on a regular basis. This survey besides includes appraisal of services provided by link ART Centre. Methodology: There were entire 154 survey topics interviewed with a pre tested interview agenda inquiring them about their cost and clip outgo while taking ART from link ART and nodal ART Centre. Servicess provided by the Link ART Centres was besides assessed as portion of the benefits of people and compared with guidelines given for running Link ART Centre by NACO, India. Consequences: A cost minimisation analysis was done with a conjectural scenario of Link ART absence and presence. It was found that there was a great decrease in cost and clip outgo of clients since they have started coming to associate ART Centre. Mean ( Std. Dev. ) cost spent by clients in the instance when nexus ART was unavailable was Rs. 2462.00 ( Rs.1752.43 ) and in the instance where nexus ART was available was Rs. 1134.90 ( Rs. 1548.98 ) . Median clip spent by clients in instance when nexus ART was unavailable was 20 hours and in instance when nexus ART was available was 40hours.These two cost and clip was compared and tested with Wilcoxson mark rank trial and found to be important ( p= & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in both clip and cost analysis. Health service appraisal found out that both link ART Centre have some substructure and human re source demands to be fulfilled. Drugs handiness and research lab services are good under state of affairs and working harmonizing to guidelines. Decision: Link ART Centre was an first-class measure taken by the NACO with Government of India. It helped a batch of PLHA to salvage their clip and cost on going and other outgos. Link ART centres gives chance to primary wellness attention system to include HIV/AIDS in their precedence country by deconcentrating ART Centres as drug distribution Centres. Link ART centres reduced a great burden of clients coming to ART Centres every month. Clients can besides be attended good when the instance burden on each counselor is non more. Important demands of the Centres need to be fulfilled to give better services to the clients go toing link ART Centre.IntroductionWhen HIV/AIDS was first recognized in 1981, few would hold predicted that it would intensify into a modern twenty-four hours pestilence, with over 33.3 million person infected worldwide. 1 The most advanced phase of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . It can take 10-15 old ages for an HIV-infected individual to develop AIDS ; antiretroviral drugs can decelerate down the procedure even further.2 Antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 Standard Antiretroviral Therapy ( ART ) consists of the usage of at least three Antiretroviral ( ARV ) drugs to maximally stamp down the HIV virus and halt the patterned advance of HIV disease. Huge decreases have been seen in rates of decease and agony when usage is made of a powerful antiretroviral regimen.2 Art Centres were started by Government of India in April 2004 with 8 Centres across the state. In a phased mode it was up scaled to 250 Centres all over the state. These Centres in all over the state provide free ART to more than 300,000 grownups and 40,000 kids. The ART Centres are located chiefly in Medical Colleges, Tertiary Hospitals and District Hospitals in some provinces. As a consequence, many a times, patients from fringe have to go long distances to make the ART Centre. As the intervention is life-long and drugs are provided one time a month, it means the patient has to come to ART Centre every month for remainder of his life, even when he is stable on intervention. This may take to losing of visits, peculiarly when patient is going or is otherwise feeling healthy. Besides monthly visits lead to batch of haste at ART Centres, taking to long waiting hours and incommodiousness to patients. The monthly visits may besides imply the patient ‘s stay in the metropolis taking to escalation of costs in add-on to go cost. Many a times these costs may be more than cost of drugs that patient is provided. All these factors have been perceived as possible barriers to an optimum attachment for ART. To minimise the travel demand for the patients stable on ART, it is envisaged to hold authorized Drug Distribution Centres that are called Link ART centres located near the patient ‘s abode. These Centres will be linked to a Nodal ART Centre within accessible distance. Link ART centres was started with the aims to incorporate ART services with the Primary / Secondary Health Care system, to construct the capacity of the wellness attention staff at the Primary Health Care Level in ART intervention, to increase the entree of ART services to the people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLHA ) , to better the attachment of patients to ART, to cut down the travel cost and travel clip of PLHA to entree services and to cut down the burden at the Nodal ART Centre.Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted to understand the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS go toing link antiretroviral therapy Centre in Karkala and Kundapura link antiretroviral therapy Centre of Udupi territory. A pre tested interview agenda was administered to enter the cost and clip spent on the twenty-four hours of the visit to associate and nodal antiretroviral therapy Centre by people on antiretroviral therapy. Data was collected and analyzed utilizing SPSS ( version 16 ) bundle and Microsoft Excel 2007.ConsequencesTable I depicts that in Kundapura link ART Centre there were 117 participant ‘s registered and out of them 101 ( 86.32 % ) clients are taking ART, 2 ( 1.71 % ) of the clients were loss to follow-up, 12 ( 10.26 ) clients shifted back to nodal ART Centre due to Opportunist Infections, personal jobs and 2 ( 1.71 % ) deceases were reported. In Karkala link ART Centre at the terminal of July 2011 there were 37 clients registered, out of them 35 ( 94.6 % ) clients are taking ART, 1 ( 2.7 % ) of the client was loss to follow up, 1 ( 2.7 % ) client was shifted back to nodal ART due to timeserving infection ( TB ) and no deceases were reported. Table Two sh ows that 124 ( 91.2 % ) participants were passing less than 1750 Rs per annum on going to ART Centres. This outgo includes travel charges of 12 visits to associate and 2 visits to nodal ART Centre. Table Three shows that 109 ( 80.1 % ) participants did non passing on nutrient on the twenty-four hours of travel to associate ART Centre and 17 ( 12.5 % ) of participants are passing about 265 to 530 Rs per annum on nutrient. Table Four shows that 37 ( 27.2 % ) of participants spent their clip between one hr to 15 hours per twelvemonth on going for nexus and nodal ART Centre, 71 ( 52.2 % ) participants exhausted 15 to 30 hours on going while 18 ( 13.2 % ) participants spent 30-45 hours of their clip on going. It was besides noticed that average clip spent on going to associate and nodal ART Centre per twelvemonth was 20 hour. Table Volt shows that there was a important difference ( p= & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % importa nt degree. Average cost spent when nexus ART was available was Rs.1134.91with standard divergence of 1548.98 and average cost spent when nexus ART was non available was Rs. 2462.06 with standard divergence of 1752.43. Table VI depicts that there was a important difference ( p= & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost, when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % important degree. Median clip spent when link ART was available was 20 hours ( 25th percentile 15 hours and 75th percentile 29 hours ) and average clip spent when link ART was non available was 40 hours ( 25th percentile 33 hours and 75th percentile 72 hours )DiscussionA cost-minimization analysis ( CMA ) steps and compares input costs and clip, and assumes results to be tantamount. In this survey cost and clip spent by the clients go toing link ART Centre was measured with doing an premise of equal result i.e. in this instance is drug distributing to the ART clients. There were batch of cost effectivity surveies conducted on ART for HIV/AIDS and it was proved to be really cost effectual. ART has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 In India ART is provided free of cost in selected authorities wellness attention Centre named as ART centres. Most of these Centres are located in territory central offices hence clients need to go to these Centres every month to roll up their medical specialties for life long. Due to regular traveling to these Centres there is immense sum of out-of-pocket outgo on these disbursals from the clients which causes economic load on household.18 This economic load leads the household to run on crises, they start selling their assets and salvaging and in bend seting households in debt which may worsen preexistent poverty.21 Studies proved HIV/AIDS in India causes major economic load on households even when drugs are provided free of cost to the clients due to immense out-of-pocket outgo on transposing to take the drugs.25,26 To get the better of the burden Government of India and NACO started periphery drug distribution Centres called link ART Centres which was located in fringes of territ ory central office. So that, it will be less clip and money consuming for the clients to go to the Centres located near to their houses. This survey is based on the cost minimisation rule to warrant the construct of link ART Centre as the right pick of intercession to minimise the load on the households with people populating with HIV/AIDS.Out of Pocket outgoThere is immense sum of decrease in out of pocket outgo of money and clip being saved due to opening up of link ART Centre. The magnitude of clip and money saved can be utilized with more productive work and that money can be used in bettering wellness of the person and household. After link ART was opened many of the clients do n't hold to take leave from their occupation and come to take their medical specialties. Many people are day-to-day pay worker and if they take off from occupation that twenty-four hours salary will be cut. Now, as link ART is opened they come during their tiffin clip to roll up their medical specialty w ithout taking off from work. It was found in the survey that few of the kids ‘s parents died with AIDS and now either their household member or relations are taking attention of those kids. All the disbursals of those kids are borne by their defenders and in bend seting their household with economic load. Since the nexus ART Centre has been opened, there is immense sum of decrease in economic load on these households. It was besides found that few grandparents are taking attention of their grandkids and taking them for their medical specialties to Centres. This construct of link ART Centre will cut down their load excessively.Transportation system CostMost preferred manner of conveyance for the clients to go to associate ART Centre was Public conveyance system i.e. coach. As HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatising societal job, PLHA do non prefer to utilize the base on balls service as they have to unwrap their HIV position to the conveyance company to acquire the base on balls issued.Food Cost and drug costMan y clients go toing link ART Centre skip their afternoon repast as they do n't desire to pass some excess money on nutrient. Jumping nutrient can do serious job with their unsusceptibility on interest as they are really vulnerable to many timeserving infection. Clients sometimes have to purchase few medical specialties for their timeserving infection and general jobs. These medical specialties put more economic load on the clients and doing them vulnerable to economic debt.Travel TimeClients had to go a long distance boulder clay link ART Centre was non opened but now people who are shifted to associate ART Centre reported a great decrease in clip ingestion on travel and they can pass more clip on work and with households.Table I: – Associate ART enrollment inside informationsLink ARTStatusNumber of ParticipantsPercentageKundapura On ART 101 86.32 Loss to follow up 2 1.71 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 12 10.26 Death 2 1.71 Entire 117 100 Karkala On ART 35 94.6 Loss to follow up 1 2.7 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 1 2.7 Death Nothing Nothing Entire 37 100Table Two: – Outgo on travel by participants per twelvemonth ( n=136 )Travel cost per twelvemonth ( Rupees )Number of ParticipantsPercentage& A ; lt ; 1750 124 91.2 1750-3500 9 6.6 3500-5250 2 1.5 5250-7000 Nothing Nothing 7000-8750 Nothing Nothing 8750-10500 Nothing Nothing 10500-12250 Nothing Nothing 12250-14000 1 0.7Entire136100.0Table Three: – Outgo on nutrient per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 )Food Cost ( Rupees )Number of ParticipantsPercentageNothing 109 80.1 265-530 17 12.5 530-795 6 4.4 795-1060 2 1.5 1060-1590 Nothing Nothing 1590-1855 1 0.7 1855-2120 1 0.7 Entire 136 100.0Table Four: – Time spent on going per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 )Time spent ( Hours )Number of participantsPercentage0-15 37 27.2 15-30 71 52.2 30-45 18 13.2 45-60 7 5.1 60-75 1 0.7 75-90 Nothing Nothing 90-105 Nothing Nothing 105-120 2 1.5 Entire 136 100Table Volt: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable cost spent by the participants ( n=136 )ClassNumber of ParticipantsMeanStd. DeviationPercentilesP- value25thfiftieth75thLink ART available cost136 1134.91 1548.98 514.50 783.00 1133.50 & A ; lt ; 0.001Link ART unavailable cost136 2462.06 1752.43 1356 1812.00 3120.00Table Six: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable clip spent by the participants ( n=136 )ClassNumber of ParticipantsMedianPercentilesP- value25thfiftieth75thLink ART available clip136 20 15 20 29 & A ; lt ; 0.001Link ART unavailable clip136 40 33 40 72

Capital Structure and Sustainability System

The transition planned by the organizations depends on the needs of their sustainability and growth. The understanding of the urgency helps the organizations to modify based on the internal and the external changes of trends in the society or the structure. The adaptability of the organization to determine the change helps in determining the capability of the organization to sustain in the markets. Various resources are required by the organization for maintaining its sustenance in the markets. However, there are issues faced by the organizations while undertaking the change in the systems and the functioning of the same. The discussion that is being undertaken will be helping in enhancing the perception of the sustenance of the organizations in the market. However, the issues that are faced by the organizations relating to their sustenance are also being enumerated as a part of the discussion. The week has helped me in understanding the different sustainability issues that are faced by the organizations while making the changes in the structure and the functioning of the business. According to Bogan (2012), the sustainability of the organizations is determined by the Triple Bottom Line, which helps in the determination of the concepts of sustainability conceived by the organization in the market. The introduction to the social and the humanitarian aspects of the sustainability of the organization is based on the proper functioning of the organization as per the norms of the society. On the other hand, the balance that the organization undertakes in its economic aspects helps in maintaining the position in the market. The proper understanding of the needs of conservation of the ecological resources has helped in maintaining the proper supply of the raw materials to the organization (Rosen & Kishawy, 2012). The instructor pointed out the issues that the organizations might face while determining the transition initiatives is dependent on the factors of the imbalance in systems and functioning of the organization relating to the aspects of sustainability. In certain cases, the organizations compromise the humanitarian or the social approach in order to gain economic superiority in the market. The instructor cited the example of Amazon where the company has taken steps to maintain its profitability (Milne & Gray, 2013). However, the company has failed to keep up with the promises of the humanitarian and the social based sustainability. Therefore, the organization faces a risk while retaining the human labor of the same. From the week’s lessons, I have learned the different aspects that are required to be taken by the organizations in order to maintain the sustainability of the same in the market. on the other hand, the issues that are being faced by the organizations while implementing the change based on the three faced model of sustainability has helped me in understanding the different aspects of the change in the market. We were introduced to the concepts of social, environmental and the economic sustainability and the manner in which the concepts affect the sustainability of the organization as a whole. The week has helped me in understanding the different capitals and their structures as they help the business in maintaining their sustainability in the markets. The different aspects of the capital are based on the understanding of the functioning of the business firms in the market (Benn, Edwards & Williams,   2014). Sustenance of the organization is mainly characterized by its smooth functioning in the markets and thereby the capitals help the organizations to maintain their functioning on a smooth and uninterrupted basis. We were assigned by our instructor to identify the different capital structure of different organizations, which has helped in clearing the concepts of the capitals that are required by the organizations to undertake the smooth functioning as per the needs of the market. The understanding of the internal and the external capital helps in the determination of capabilities of the organization to bring in the changes as per the needs of the market. On the other h and, the determination of the human capital of the organization helps in determining the supporting force that helps in the smooth functioning of the processes of the organization to being in sustenance in their systems (Ehnert, Harry & Zink, 2013). The determination of the capital and the manner in which they function as per the needs of the business helps the organization in maintaining the balance of sustenance in the markets. The week has helped me in understanding the different aspects of the capitals and the manner in which they are employed in the management of the organization in order to facilitate the sustenance. The difference in the capital structure and the management that is being undertaken by the organization helps in determining the change in the structure and the functioning of the organization in the market (Stoughton & Ludema, 2012). The week’s lesson has helped me in understanding the importance of the different capitals that are used by the organizations to bring in the changes in the functioning of the same. The week’s class has helped me in understanding the different approaches that are being undertaken by the organization in order to support their cause of sustainability in the market. The major aspects of the approaches are based on the understanding of the needs of the organization to undertake the means of sustainability in the market. According to (Benn, Dunphy   & Griffiths, 2006) the six phases of sustainability approaches undertaken by the organization are Rejection, Non-responsiveness, Compliance, Efficiency, Strategic proactivity and the sustainable organization. It helps in the proper understanding of the different characteristic factors where the company manipulates over the functioning in order to gain the sustainability in the market as per the needs of the same. The understanding of the objectives of the organization helps in maintaining the balance of the sustainable options that affects the proper functioning of the organization in the market. The week’s lesson has helped me in understanding the different approaches that are being undertaken by the organizations in order to maintain the sustainability of the same in the market. On the other hand, the instructor undertook steps in order to cite examples from various organizations to make us aware of the changes in the structure and the functioning, which has helped the organizations to sustain in the global markets (Smith, 2012). The citation of the companies that have failed to sustain in the market has helped in clarifying the objective of the approaches of sustainability undertaken by the organizations. Therefore, from the above lessons that we were taught in our class, which was held for three weeks has helped in the understanding of the different factors, that affects the sustainability of the organizations in the market. On the other hand, the classes have helped us in enumerating the different capital structure and functioning that helps the organizations in maintaining their sustenance in the markets. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., & Griffiths, A. (2006). Enabling change for corporate sustainability: An integrated perspective.  Australasian Journal of Environmental Management ,  13(3), 156-165. Benn, S., Edwards, M., & Williams, T. (2014).  Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bogan, V. L. (2012). Capital structure and sustainability: An empirical study of microfinance institutions.  Review of Economics and Statistics,  94(4), 1045-1058. Ehnert, I., Harry, W., & Zink, K. J. (Eds.). (2013).  Sustainability and human resource management : Developing sustainable business organizations. Springer Science & Business Media. Milne, M. J., & Gray, R. (2013). W (h) ither ecology? The triple bottom line, the global reporting initiative, and corporate sustainability reporting.  Journal of business ethics,  118(1), 13-29. Rosen, M. A., & Kishawy, H. A. (2012). Sustainable manufacturing and design: Concepts, practices and needs.  Sustainability,  4(2), 154-174. Smith, P. A. (2012). The importance of organizational learning for organizational sustainability.  The Learning Organization,  19(1), 4-10. Stoughton, A. M., & Ludema, J. (2012). The driving forces of sustainability.  Journal of Organizational Change Management ,  25(4), 501-517.

Southwest Airline Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Southwest Airline - Research Paper Example According to Kelly (2008), Southwest Airlines has a code of ethics that is targeted to regulate the way people interact and respond to the different things they encounter in their delivery of services. The code of ethics in the company ensures that the employees develop a culture of responsible service delivery to all their clients. This culture is supposed to ensure that they have developed a code that requires all its employees comply with the law, rules, and regulations that determine when, where and how the action will take place and determine who is to guide the performance of the activity. The code of ethics allows that all the employees should respond to international and local clients according to the orders that are set out by the organizational management to ensure that they are able to deliver services without partiality. Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) seriously deals with aspects of corruption in the company in the company as notes Berger (2011). According to the Southw est Airlines’ code of ethics, there are issues no employees of the company is allowed to make any unwarranted payment to any government official from within the country or even from other places in the world. This code is made to ensure that all acts of corruption are prevented and this is an evidence of the company’s commitment to the delivery of services at a fair competition level. This means that Southwest Airlines Company does not feel threatened by other companies that offer similar services in the market.... that they have developed a code that requires all its employees comply with the law, rules and regulations that determine when, where and how action will take place and determine who is to guide the performance of the activity. The code of ethics allows that all the employees should respond to international and local clients according to the orders that are set out by the organizational management to ensure that they are able to deliver services without partiality. Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) seriously deals with aspects of corruption in the company in the company as notes Berger (2011). According to the Southwest Airlines’ code of ethics, there are issues no employees of the company is allowed to make any unwarranted payment to any government official from within the country or even from other places in the world. This code is made to ensure that all acts of corruption are prevented and this is an evidence of the company’s commitment to the delivery of services at a fair competition level. This means that Southwest Airlines Company is does not feel threatened by other companies that offer similar services in the market. The company has established this code of ethics as a regulation for the members of the society but it has implication on an individual who breaks it because it can amount to a legal offense. This means that the company has a code of ethics that will ensures that it will be able to regulate its internal and external environment (Kelly, 2008). Another ethical issue that form an important aspect of the life of the Southwest Airlines is the aspect that it has a clear stipulation on how it will compete honestly with other companies. For example, they offer the opportunity to customers to change their tickets prior to charging as opposed to other

An Examination of Intertextuality Between Alice Munros Simons Luck and Essay

An Examination of Intertextuality Between Alice Munros Simons Luck and Margaret Atwoods Happy Endings - Essay Example Whether or not the average reader is familiar with the particulars of the hypothesis, one cannot avoid several decades of literature and culture influenced by these ideas, as they range from the daydreams of Thurber's The Secret Life of Walter Mitty to the fantastic worlds of C. S. Lewis's Narnia books. The two stories examined in this paper, Alice Munro's "Simon's Luck" and Margaret Atwood's "Happy Endings," couple the form of multiple realities with the human psychology of traditional literature. Reader's need only the latent immersion of the involved concepts that permeate the today's world; their inner empathy and the authors' skill will maintain one's attention. Only through closer examination can the levels of intertextuality begin to be distinguished, compared, and analyzed. Munro's story has already existed in a different reality, i.e. it was originally published in 1978 under the title "Emily," which perhaps was the narrator's name before she blossomed into this incarnation as Rose. The reason for the name change will be addressed momentarily. Rose's first instance of confusing reality happens when she is accosted by the student at the party. While she registers that his name is David and that he is a former student, she recalls nothing else, and instead idly projects a history onto him, "He had probably been brought up in a gentle home, where people talked about answering Nature's call and blessed each other for sneezing." When Simon later fails to come to the house, Rose realizes that "Preparations court disaster," in that she had been preparing for one future that did not happen. To console herself, she then imagines alternate futures in which she takes action, either by calling him or writing him a note, or alternately, where he has taken action, by going traveling or having gotten married. She lives through all of these realities through the course of the weekend. Rose has lived through a number of different realities, between teaching and acting, but her relationships patterns seem to end with her fleeing regardless of what the situation was. AS she flees away from Simon, she imagines a number of possibilities for what he is doing, perhaps pulling up to her house. She imagines how the retionship would have only become more akward with time. To escape this cycle of depression, she has extended her excuse to the university, saying that she has run into a job opportunity a future she has accurately predicted for once. She lands an acting role and moves out to British Columbia. Months later, she meets a mutual acquaintance or hers and Simon's, at which point she learns that Simon has died, apparently from an illness that he had for some time. While the title of the story initially seems to relate to the anecdote Simon tells of escaping during World War II, it actually relates to his ultimate fate. For all of the possible futures that Rose had imagined for him, of all the endings she has ever experienced for relationships, his death was tailor made as the only possibility to truly exit her life. He will always be unique to her for that, if no other reason. And as for the

Introduction to Consumer Behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Consumer Behavior - Assignment Example 2. Search engine companies are responding to the capability of apps to limit or exclude identity of the user by using technology related bias that threatens values such as privacy and favor values related with scrutiny and monitoring. The companies tend to manipulate search results by systematically giving prominence to some sites. Search engine companies have also resorted to offering of personalization and customizing features (Johnson 26-9). Security of users, data and the network has been given first priority by the search engine companies through robust security architecture and rigorous security programs. There are flexibility required for open platform such as protecting user data, system resources and offering application isolation. There is secure inter-process communication, application signing and application defined and user defined permissions. 3. Tagging apps users is helpful in grouping customers and the usefulness is evident when searching on a tag. Tagging further assists in identifying users deemed significant for categorizing app users. New methods of tagging app users also play a significant role in driving repeated usage where new products and services can be built. The new tagging capabilities may further help to expand app landscape and making mobile marketing more competitive (Johnson 29-30). The new methods may also help in optimizing strategies for ranking and maintenance of a user-base in the social media and even change the way users discover apps. 4. Facebook’s challenges of transferring its targeted ad to mobile platforms may play reach a huge number of mobile phone users worldwide. Consumers will be able to learn about different ads at their convenience. Many companies will be able to offer their ads information to the targeted customers globally and provide them with variety of products and services. In this case, consumers will enjoy variety of

Benefit Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefit Plan - Assignment Example They should have completed 1000 hours of service with the company which usually occurs around one year after joining the company to be eligible for the benefits. The basic benefit plan of Blue Rose includes Retirement plans and Life Insurance plans. Senior engineers and the management staff get paid vacations and sick leave. All employees are entitled to get basic benefits like workers compensation and Federal Family and Medical Leave. FICA taxes will be deducted from every employee’s salary. The normal retirement age is 65. The benefit is determined based on the annual compensation package. Normal retirement rate benefit will be equivalent to 10% of the actual compensation earned by the employee annually. Pension benefits can be gained from the date of completing service. This is applicable to voluntary retirement, employment termination and quitting due to disability. The company requires every employee who had completed a year with them to contribute 10% of their salary towards life insurance. The company gives coverage up to 10 times the actual amount stored in the employee’s insurance account in cases of medical emergencies, death or disability. They employees who had completed 5 years of working in Blue Rose are eligible to take a loan on their insurance savings. Senior engineers and management staff who have completed 8 years in Blue Rose and are permanent employees of the company can get paid leave up to 15 days a year for vacation or medical emergencies. They are also entitled to get travel allowance for in-country vacations and free accommodation in company guest houses in certain locations. The benefits given by Blue Rose are quite lenient considering the size and profit of the company. But, certain basic additions like medical and dental coverage and paid sick leave for all employees are required. The junior employees will benefit a lot from such plans. 1. A basic

Victim impact statement Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Victim impact statement - Term Paper Example It can be oral, presented by the victim, or a secondary party to the crime, during the hearing process, or can be written. If presented in a written form, the victim impact statement is handed in to the Attorney’s office. The office then submits the statement to the Probation Office and it is considered as part of retrieved evidence that the office offers to a presiding judge during a hearing. The definition of a victim impact statement also includes informal letters to a judge and this is an exception from the formal approach. It applies when the victim is not in a position to complete the formal process of presenting a written victim impact statement. The victim’s personal discomfort may lead to the need for a personal letter instead of the formal statement (Justice n.p.). Literature research The definition of victim impact statement identifies the objective communicating effects of a criminal act on the victim and other people who could have been round the crime scen e. Diversified purposes that the statement serves are identifiable from the purpose. One of the statement’s purposes is to offer the victim a chance to explain effects of the crime on their lives. Physical, emotional, and financial effects are the major types and explain the extent to which the victim’s rights were infringed by the crime and the need for justice. Crimes on a victim identify vulnerability that may persist after the crimes. The accused may also want to tamper with evidence in order to avoid punishment and this increases vulnerability to intimidation from the accused or associates. Victim impact statement helps in resolving the vulnerability by allowing the victim to point vulnerability concerns that the court can address towards justice. The concerns may relate to granting the accused bail or protecting the victim from possible harassment. Another role that the victim impact statement serves is offering an avenue through which the victim can obtain infor mation about his or her case. The victim needs to state in the statement such required information as the progress that the case has made. Victim impact statement also offers victims opportunities for informing relevant authorities of needs for claims or help. The suffered losses may warrant compensation or help towards recuperation and victims can state any related needs in the statement. Victim impact statement also avails statistics for understanding trends in crimes and effects of the crimes on victims. Such information can then influence decisions and policies for crime prevention and management of effects of crimes on victims (The Crown Prosecution Service 1). Implementation of the roles of victim impact statement follows stipulated principles for consistency with rule of law and natural justice. One of the principles governing the statement is admissibility of the effects. Losses that the victim suffers and the extent must be in such forms that the judicial system acknowledge s and can incorporate in making judgment. Admissibility is subject to existing laws. Another principle that governs application of the statement is incorporation of the effects in the basis for making decisions on a case. Judgment must however rely on other factors such as nature of the crime and the accused. Victims’ personal perspectives or those of the victims’ close associates do not however influence judicial decisions on cases (The Crown Prose

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management - Essay Example So what challenges do international firms face in a global marketplace? What is the nature, and role of INRP that impact international businesses? This essay explores the diverse elements of INRP in terms of the political, economic, cultural, ethical, and social environment prevalent in different countries; and analyses their impact on businesses with examples drawn from different countries, and trade. This paper concludes with a concise summary of the emerging global challenges to international trade, and business imperatives to overcome them. Globalization has wide encompassing connotations. Whilst the economic integration of businesses has rapidly grown, the political, social, and cultural interfaces across the borders continue to pose challenges to international trade. With maturing economy, institutional transformations become inevitable. In the nascent or emerging phases, economies are often unpredictable and volatile (Meyer, 2001, pp. 357-367). Managing investment and capital in such a market without an understanding of the economic regulations, and trade practices, could turn nightmarish. Scott (2002) categorized the governing institutions as â€Å"regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive.† Formal institutions are often characterized by rules, policies, and enforcement laws. Informal institutions on the other hand, are woven around norms, values, and mental models peculiar to a particular geographic region, or country (North, 1994). Such classifications are often useful in international business management for purposes of market analyses. Five decades ago, Hall (1960, pp. 87-96) enunciated five factors that affect bonding of global businesses, which are relevant even in modern day times. Brief interpretations from Hall’s article in the Harvard Business review are summarised below:- Nuances of time: Time has its own silent interpretations across national boundaries. For instance, a delay

Compose Methodology Section Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compose Methodology Section - Assignment Example Given that the research will be conducted on a common problem, the population is expected to be wider. So, it is incumbent upon the researcher to use Pulaski County School District as a case study. It is here in which studies will be conducted to find out more about this problem. Public education is a wide sector that involves a lot of players-government, educationists, school administrators, teachers, pupils, parents, guardians and the general public. Each of these in concerned about the management and quality of service delivery in these schools. In this regard, for the researcher to gather adequate data to be relied upon during the studies, a proper choice of participants to be engaged in a research needs to be made. In order to conduct the research, the instrument of choice will be interview. As the main instrument of the research, the researcher will design a set of closed and open-ended questions to ask the selected participants. It will give the researcher an opportunity to ask all sorts of questions that need to be answered about the research topic. Interview is the most preferred data collection instrument because it has a potential of enabling the researcher to directly involve the participants in the research process (Boyatzis, 1998). The use of interview schedules can be an appropriate choice for this kind of research. First, it would provide a face-to-face platform in which the researcher will gather first-hand information from the respondents. Besides, the researcher can get a chance to seek for clarifications and answers to all the questions that can address the research problem. However, to effectively conduct an interview, the researcher will need to make a lot of ethical considerations. A proper plan should be put in place to seek the consent of these participants and give them enough time to participate in the interviews. Since participation in the interview will be voluntary, no one should be forced to do so. At the same time,

The Titanic Disaster Essay Example for Free

The Titanic Disaster Essay John Eaton, one of the co-authors of Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy said that in the summer of 1907, J. Bruce Ismay and Lord James Pirrie, a partner in Harland and Wolff, met to discuss plans to build two ocean liners that will surpass anything built to date. This simple meeting set off a chain of events that led to the death of over 1500 people less than five years later. The two ocean liners were to be called the Olympic and the Titanic. A third ship was added to the plans later. The Titanics hull plate was laid in 1909 and a little over two years later, Titanics 26,000 ton hull is launched at Harland and Wolffs shipyard. The ship reached a speed of twelve knots when it slid into the water before six anchor chains and two piles of cable drag chains weighing 80 tons each brought her to a halt. The White Star Line never christened their ships. Many people still consider this to be a bad omen (Eaton 87-90). On April 2, 1912, the Titanic set sail from Belfast and completed her sea trials. A small fire started in boiler room 6 that would smolder for weeks in the coal dust of the starboard bunker due to a spark from one of the boilers. Just eight days later, passengers began to board the ship to take the maiden voyage of the huge ocean liner. Shortly after noon on April 10, the Titanics mooring ropes were cleared and tug boats began to tow her from the dock. According to Colonel Archibald Gracie, a survivor of the wreck and author of the article Out of the Wreck, the movement of Titanics huge mass in the harbor causes all 6 mooring ropes of the ocean liner New York to snap. The New York began to swing towards the Titanics hull, but the tug boat, the Vulcan, managed to catch the New Yorks bow and heads off the collision. After some delay, Titanic is towed from the harbor and begins the 24 mile crossing of the English Channel. By Friday, Titanic is well on her way out to the North Atlantic, running at 21 knots (Eaton 105-109). During Captain Smiths inspection of the engine room on Saturday morning, Chief Engineer Bell reports the fire in boiler room 6 is finally extinguished, however the bulkhead part of the bunker shows signs of heat  damage (Eaton 105-10). Ton Kuntz, editor of the book Titanic Disaster Hearings: The Official Transcripts of the 1912 Senate Investigation, wrote that one survivor told investigators that Smith and Ismay talked at lunch about making New York a day early and grabbing headlines The Titanic began to receive ice warnings from other ships in the area. There were reports of large quantities of field ice 250 miles ahead of Titanic. Captain Smith took this message from the radio operators and later showed it to Bruce Ismay. There was another message was received from the ocean liner America that warned the Titanic of icebergs in its path, but this message was not forwarded to Captain Smith. The Californian later sent a third message warning of ice 50 miles ahead of Titanic. After meeting with Second Officer Lightoller and discussing the unusually calm seas and clear air, Captain Smith retires to his room. Officer Lightoller then cautions lookouts to be careful of ice until morning. The Titanics speed at this time is 22 knots (Kuntz 270-274). A heavy ice pack and iceberg warning is received from the Masaba. Wireless Officers Phillips and Bride ignored the message and proceed with sending personal messages from the passengers. Later, Lightoller passed the watch off to First Officer Murdock. Just a few hours later, Lookout Frederick Fleet rang the bridge by telephone yelling Iceberg right ahead! and rang the crows nest bell 3 times. Sixth Officer Moody acknowledges and relayed the message to Murdock, who orders the ships wheel turned hard-a-starboard and telegraphs the engine room to bring the ship to a full stop followed by the order full a-stern which would cause the propellers to turn backwards and slow the ship. The Titanic began to turn slowly to port but struck an underwater piece of the iceberg on the starboard side 12 feet back from the bow. The side of the ship was scrapped for 300 feet along Titanics side below the waterline,  tearing a hole in five compartments of the ship. First Officer Murdock ordered the wheel turned full to port, trying to corner Titanic around the remainder of the iceberg. He also threw the electric switch closing the water-tight compartment doors. Passengers on the upper decks saw the iceberg as Titanic passed by. Captain Smith arrived on the bridge and ordered Thomas Andrews, Chief Wilde, and Officer Boxhall to go below and inspect the damage (Eaton195-96). The post office on G deck was flooded, trapping and drowning several workers. Thomas Andrews reported that 5 compartments are flooded to the waterline and advised Captain Smith that Titanic can float with 4 compartments filled, but not 5. Less than 3 hours later, the lights flickered once and then went out as the electric generators fail. Titanics hull split from the deck to the keel between the 3rd and 4th funnels. The stern section falls back to the water and then rose up again as the bow broke off and began its decent to the ocean floor. The stern section floods and went down, 2 hours and 30 minutes after the collision. (Gracie 895-97). Over 1500 remaining passengers plunge into the icy water. There are several fields of thought as to what caused the disaster. Many believe that the ship was jinxed from the beginning because it wasnt christened and because of the bad luck of a near collision at beginning of its maiden voyage. According to Logan Morgan the sinking of the Titanic was mainly caused by unusual weather and human error. To begin with, the Titanic was on the southern most of the routes that were used by ocean liners. It was highly unusual for that much ice to be found that far south in April. Also the water and wind were very calm, no chance of spotting a breaker against an iceberg which would have made them much easier to spot. Finally there was no moonlight shining on the water; which made the night very dark. There are also many human errors that were made during that voyage. The  lookouts binoculars had been removed from the crows nest and locked in a cabinet in the second officers cabin and no one aboard had a key. The ship received numerous wireless messages alerting them to ice lying right in their path. Some of these were tacked up on the bridge and forgotten, one wound up in Bruce Ismays pocket and others never made it out of the wireless room (Kuntz. 301-03) Bruce Ismay wanted to make a good impression with his new ship and urged Captain Smith to test the speed of the huge ocean liner. So the Titanic was traveling at a much faster speed than it should have been (Eaton 303). Finally there were too few lifeboats for all the passengers on board and the ship was thought to be unsinkable so many passengers refused to leave the ship for the tiny lifeboats. In conclusion, many bad things happened during the Titanics short maiden voyage from the weather to actions of the crew. Each of these could have been disastrous alone, but a combination of all these factors contributed to a disaster causing the loss of over 1500 lives.

Language Processing and Production Essay Example for Free

Language Processing and Production Essay This experiment investigated hemispheric specialisation and dominance with regards to language functions. It used a computer program to measure the amount of key presses achieved by participants in a given time across four different trials (1 with the left hand, no talking, 2 with the left hand whilst being asked questions, and the same two trials again with the right hand). The participants were 2nd year psychology students from which a cohort of 20 was selected for data analysis. A significant difference was found for the effect of hemisphere and language processing task present or absent. However, the means for each trial did not support left hemispheric dominance for language functions: more key presses were recorded when talking and using the right hand than when talking and using the left. Handedness and some involvement of the right hemisphere in language processing and production were also shown as appearing to influence the results obtained. The main conclusion to be drawn is that hemispheric specialisation and language dominance is a subject that needs further investigation in order to clarify the generalisability of conclusions made about left hemisphere language specialisations. Our brain consists of two halves; the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere. The left hemisphere receives information from and controls muscles in the right side of the body, whilst the right hemisphere receives information from and controls muscles in the left side of the body. Research using brain imagery and studies of brain damaged and split brain patients, to name just a few examples, has shown that some of our functions are controlled more by one hemisphere than the other, i.e. are more specialised for that particular function. This experiment aims to investigate these differing specialisations of the hemispheres more deeply and with particular regard to language. Research into language differences between the two hemispheres is widespread and supports the view that the left hemisphere is the more dominant. Marc Dax was the first to notice hemispheric differences in his brain damaged patients, after having seen many patients suffering from loss of speech. Dax found what appeared to be an association between the loss of speech and the side of the brain where the damage occurred. In more than 40 patients with aphasia, Dax noticed damage to the left hemisphere; he was unable to find a case that involved damage to the right hemisphere alone (Springer and Deutsch, 1998, p. 1-2). By 1870 further evidence also began to surface, when other investigators began to realise that many types of language disorders could result from damage to the left hemisphere (Springer Deutsch, 1998, p. 1). For example, Brocas and Wernickes aphasia: Brocas aphasia causes speech problems associated with comprehension, resulting from damage to Brocas area (situated in the left frontal cortex), whilst Wernickes aphasia causes word salad (hard to understand, jumbled speech), resulting from damage to Wernickes area (situated in the left temporal lobe). Later research has also supported Daxs original findings, one example of such research concluded that the left hemisphere is responsible for language in almost all right-handed individuals (Butler, S. R. 1997, p. 187). This research also links the additional factor of handedness to investigations of hemispheric lateralisation, an idea which has been supported by others in the field. For example: In right handers , it is almost always the case that the hemisphere that controls the dominant hand is also the hemisphere that controls speech (Springer and Deutsch, 1998, p. 2), therefore it is possible that for left handers, as their dominant hand is being controlled by the right hemisphere, the right hemisphere may be responsible for speech control and other language functions instead of the left hemisphere. Additional research looking at right hemisphere lesions has demonstrated that the right hemisphere is responsible for some linguistical functions: finding that patients with such lesions may be impaired relative to normal controls on certain tests of language (Corballis, C. M. 1983, p. 33). One study by Lesser (1974) reported such an impairment on a semantic test involving comprehension of spoken words but not on a phonological or syntactic test (Corballis, C. M. 1983, p. 33), suggesting a small role for the right hemisphere in language processing. Kinsbourne and McMurray carried out valuable research using healthy participants, using a procedure similar to the current study (cited in Kalat, 2004, pg. 427). They asked participants to tap with a pencil on a piece of paper as many times as they could in one minute, first with their right hand then with their left, then asked them to do the same again whilst talking, they found that for most right-handers, talking decreases the tapping rate with the right hand more than with the left hand. This further supports left hemispheric dominance for language, as well as supporting the current studys methodology and informing its hypothesis. As has been demonstrated most research supports left hemispheric dominance of language functions, but also links hemispheric specialisation with other factors and accepts that the right hemisphere holds some language comprehension control. This experiment looks for further supportive evidence and also briefly looks at handedness as a possible affecting factor. The study uses a finger tapping and language processing task, with the notion that the speed at which keys are pressed will be relatively similar with both hands. If however, if it is the case that language is more associated with the left hemisphere, then on average when processing language, the speed of the right hand will be slower than the left hand, presumably because the left hemisphere then has to do two tasks at once (right hand finger tapping and language processing). This is only the case however if all participants in the experiment have left hemisphere dominance for language, and is thus the reason we have recorded the handedness of our participants. As a result of previous studies and research the hypothesis for this experiment is: there will be differences in the number of taps made from each of the two hands when language is or isnt being processed. Method Design The experiment used a fully repeated measures within-subjects design: all participants took part in all conditions. There was one independent variable, consisting of four different levels: left hand, talking, no talking and right hand talking, no talking. The dependent variable was the number of key presses made within the time limit of 30 seconds per trial.

Comparing Fluid Flow Of Smooth And Rough Pipes

Comparing Fluid Flow Of Smooth And Rough Pipes The pipe flow investigation compared the fluid flow of smooth and rough pipes of varying diameters. The pressure drop across the pipes was recorded to find both the friction factors and Reynolds numbers. A moody diagram was plotted comparing the friction factor versus the Reynolds number. A graph of the experimental friction factor was compared to the theoretical friction factor for the transition of a pipe from smooth to rough. It is assumed that the fluid used for the pipe flow was incompressible and pipes were entirely horizontal with constant diameters throughout the tested length. The energy equation is used to compare the steady, uniform flows at the inlet and outlet. = pressure = density = kinetic energy flux coefficient = average fluid velocity = gravity z = vertical height of the pipe =total head loss = specific work done by the control volume. The change in pressure that is found for each pipe is equivalent to the loss of head across each respective pipe and related by the equation below. . (2) It is also assumed to have a constant volumetric flow rate, constant vertical height, no work involved in the flow of the fluid, and a constant flow velocity. By using the average velocity we can determine whether the fluid is laminar or turbulent. A Reynolds number below 2300 describes a laminar flow and that above 2300 is turbulent. , (3) = Reynolds number = pipe diameter = viscosity of the fluid. Below is the Darcy or Moody friction factor, , which is valid for laminar flows. This equation is independent of the roughness of the pipe. . (4) The friction produced by the roughness in the pipes causes head loss. Unlike Eq. 4, the next equation is valid for turbulent flows with Reynolds values above 2300. . (5) The Colebrook equation covers transitionally rough regions which are between smooth and rough walled piping. This equation is implicit for . , (6) where the relative roughness of the pipe is . Methods The Pipe Flow Lab equipment included: Four horizontal pipes of varying roughness and diameters arranged in a pipe flow apparatus with a self-contained water supply, valve to isolate pipe of interest, inlet flow control valve to control the flow rate, volumetric measuring tank collects water, sight tube, graduated cylinder, stopwatch, calipers, and electronic manometer to measure pressure. The change in pressure of one rough and three smooth pipes of varying diameters were measured. These values helped compare the friction factors to the Reynolds number of the fluid. Each pipe was individually experimented on by allowing the water to run through that particular pipe until it reached a constant flow rate. The change of pressure was read off the electronic manometer and a stop watch was used to measure the time it took to fill the tank to a particular volume. The pressure was lowered by a given increment for each trial until it reached a given value and repeated for each pipe. The temperature of the water was measured at the end of the experiment. Results and Discussion The data for the large smooth pipe, large rough pipe, medium smooth pipe, and small smooth pipe were compiled into Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Eq. 3 was used to find the Reynolds number and the friction factor was calculated using Eq. 5. These values were then plotted in Fig. 1, which is a Moody diagram comparing the Reynolds number to friction factor of all the pipes. The Reynolds number gives the value of a fluids transition from a laminar flow to turbulence. This value is approximately 2300 according to Fig. 1. Since all the points on the Moody graph are greater than 2300, we can conclude that all the flows in this lab are turbulent. The decreasing straight laminar line was produced by using Eq. 4 which is independent of roughness. Then above the Reynolds number of 2300 is the theoretical rough turbulent and smooth turbulent lines. The smooth pipes follow the slightly downward slope of the smooth turbulent theoretical line. The small and medium tubes are for the most part above the theoretical line which is expected because there is probably build up in the tube causing a slight roughness which would increase the friction factor. The large smooth pipeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s values are below the theoretical line, which is impossible because the tube cannot be smoother than smooth. This error could be a cause of human error or inaccurate lab equipment. The friction factors of the smooth pipes in increasing order were large, medium, and small. This is what would be expected because the larger diameter pipes should allow for easier flow than a smaller diameter pipe. The large rough tube follows the theoretical rough turbulent trend. Since this tube is rough it should have more friction than the smooth pipes and an increased friction factor. Fig. 1 exhibits this fact because the large rough tube values are well above the smooth tubeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s values. As the Reynolds number gets very large, it becomes a function of only relative roughness e/D. Eq. 7 was used to find the theoretical rough, turbulent flow trend and a relative roughness of e/D, of 0.093 was determined. Table 2 shows the values that were recorded and has lower values for the experimental friction factor than the theoretical values. As with the large smooth pipe, this is not what we would expect and it is caused by lab errors. Both large pipes were located in the same Reynolds number region but with different friction factors. This is understandable since they have the same diameters but the only difference is the roughness inside the pipe causing friction. The fluctuations in friction factor values are due to errors that occurred during the investigation procedure. An error that could have affected the results of this investigation would be the actual smoothness of the pipes. The smooth pipes could have build up from the years of use that would cause some roughness. The roughness would in turn interfere with the fluid flow. Another form of error was with the stop watch and volume reading to find the flow rate. There is a percentage of human error in these measurements and the electronic manometer was also fluctuating during the experiment. These errors can account for the fact that the experimental friction factors were lower than the theoretical values for the large pipes seen in Table 1 and 2. The equations used were approximations and could also account for a slight source of error. Conclusions and Recommendations The values obtained in this investigation led to the calculation of the friction factors and Reynolds numbers for four different pipes. These values were then plotted in a Moody diagram to compare how the roughness and diameter of each individual pipe affected the flow rate of each. The small, medium, and large smooth pipes followed the smooth turbulent theoretical trend. The large pipe had values below the theoretical values. The experimental values should always have been above the theoretical since a pipe canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be any smoother than smooth. These results could be caused by the lab errors that were listed above. The friction factors of the smooth pipes in increasing order were large, medium, and small. This is what would be expected because the larger diameter pipes should allow for easier flow than a smaller diameter pipe. The large, rough pipe followed the rough turbulent trend. As the Reynolds number became large the relative roughness became the relationship, e/ D. This pipe also had experimental friction factor values below the theoretical values which is impossible and caused by errors in the investigation. The friction factor of the rough pipe was much greater than the smooth pipes, which means that there is more friction in rough pipes. For future investigations, it would be beneficial to take more data points in order to more accurately represent the findings. This could also help keep the margin of error smaller since one or two inaccurate points could be disregarded with a larger data sample. More precise measurement tools would also be very beneficial since there was much uncertainty with the current apparatus.

The Structure of Wholeness :: Ontology Atoms Papers

The Structure of Wholeness Using a part-whole-calculus the vague concept of wholeness is rendered precisely as the structure of an atomic boolean lattice. The so-defined prototypical structure of wholeness has the status of a category, since every element of our experience may be considered as an intended application of it. This will be illustrated using examples from different ontological spheres. The hypothetical and therefore fallible character of the structure is shown in its inadequacy in grasping quantum logical facts. This demands a differentiation of wholeness. The defined structure may be seen as circular in two respects: On the one hand it is the precondition for the understanding of its own syntactic and semantic basics, on the other hand there exists a mutual defineability between its atoms, which leads us to the thesis that wholeness cannot be defined in a non-circular manner. Introduction In this paper I attempt both to explicate the popular, but vague notion of wholeness and to point out its meaning for ontology. To begin with, I’ll give a brief survey of the essentials: In accord with an elementary intuition of ‘wholeness’ I introduce an implicit axiomatic definition of its structure, which proves to be a familiar Boolean-lattice. This internal view of the concept of wholeness is followed by a more philosophical external view, which looks at the structure in its context. It will be shown that the structure corresponds to the criteria of an ontological category, namely consistence, adequacy, content and coherence, so that we are justified in speaking of the ‘category of wholeness’. This feature leads to some interesting results: As a consequence of the adequacy of a category the structure turns out to be a model on its own. The self-application leads on the level of the axioms to the boolean lattice of all substructures and on the lev el of the terms of axioms to semantical boolean lattices, which may seen as basic units for the whole language. Thus the understanding of the structure of ‘wholeness’ takes for granted that there is a pre-understanding of the very same. Furthermore, there is another kind of circular understanding on the level of the atoms of the structure, because there exists a mutual defineability between the atoms, which cannot be eliminated without leaving the wholeness. But even if we try to leave it, we enter another wholeness, so that circularity is inevitable in the end. A. Intuition First of all, let me describe the leading intuition of ‘wholeness’.

Madonna Essay -- Madonna Louise Ciccone

Madonna   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madonna was born on August 16, 1958, in the city of Bay City, located in the state of Michigan. Her real birth name is Madonna Louise Ciccone. However, most people know her as simply Madonna. She is known as a controversial singer, actress, dancer, songwriter, and became one of America's biggest and well- known stars in the late 1980s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madonna's assertive behavior, outspoken personality, and aggressive acts of sexuality, along with her great efforts to push back the borders of the acceptable, brought her tremendous commercial success in America and abroad. She achieved the reputation as a forefront performer and entertainer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before Madonna began her superstar career, she attended school at the University of Michigan. Before she even attended college, she was already well talented in the field of dance. She was so good that she won a dance college scholarship in high school. This was the main reason she continued onto college. In the beginning of her college education, she enjoyed going to school on a daily basis. In addition, she enjoyed learning and meeting new friends. However, she began to get bored with her college education and her stay in college was brief. Within the next two years she dropped out of the University of Michigan and decided to pursue a career elsewhere. She knew that she wanted to either continue in the field of dance or somewhere in the music industry. She believed that she had greater opportunities in these careers in a large, diversified metropolitan city like New York City.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once in New York City, she joined a band and began writing musical notes, lyrics, and songs. This was the start of her music career. However, she still wanted to pursue her dance career. She always had two career objectives in mind and believed she would definitely achieve one or both of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She joined Alvin Alley Theater's third company group. She danced with them for a short time period, however, she felt she could do better by focusing her main efforts and ideas in the popular music and film industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her first debut album was called Borderline. In addition to the album she also produced a short musical video to accompany the album. Her music and video were featured on MTV, a music television channel found on cable television. After heavy airplay of her music video on the MTV cable chann... ...dows and Fog, produced in 1992, and the film, A League of Their Own, produced in 1992, were also part of her movie career. Her latest movie, Evita, in which she stars, was given some praise in the box office, and is probably considered her best work yet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madonna is currently trying to gain more control of what is being produced about her. She has entered the management areas of film, record, and publishing by creating her own company. At present, she is still working on numerous projects. One of these projects included that of having a baby, which she just recently completed. One thing is for sure, whatever Madonna does, she still makes front page headlines. Furthermore, she is still producing videos, songs, movies, and books that appeal to people world wide. We will definitely continue to see a lot of her, and her work, in the near future. Works Cited Kamins, Mark. Madonna, Madonna. New York, New York: Sire Company, 1989. Leonard, Patrick. I'm Breathless. New York: Sire Company, 1993. Pettibone, Shep. Madonna, Erotica. Los Angeles, California: Maveick Company, 1993. Rodgers, Nile. Madonna, Like A Virgin. New York, New York: Warner Brothers, 1990.

Analysis of Setting in Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Book Reviews Natha

An analysis of the setting in Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" In the story of "Young Goodman Brown" setting plays an important role. It provides symbolism to certain events and provokes emotions amongst the characters, especially those of Goodman Brown. The story of "Young Goodman Brown" is that of a man on an adventure to feed his curiosity and to visit the dark side of his Puritan town. Once he arrives at the destination of his adventure, he realizes that many of his elders have followed in the paths of evil and that holiness and innocence has been vanquished from his once thought to be holy Puritan town. The central idea of "Young Goodman Brown," is the conflict in Goodman Brown between joining the devil and remaining "good." It is a very difficult journey for Brown, as he travels through the woods, all the while thinking of the "good" things (like his wife Faith) he would be leaving behind. This internal conflict ultimately destroys the Young Goodman Brown and creates a new man. At the beginning of the story Goodman Brown sets out on his journey at sunset; to set out at sunset is symbolizing darkness, which in turn symbolizes evil, which begins the setting for the story of "Young Goodman Brown." As Brown is leaving he kisses his wife, Faith, goodbye; the name Faith is intentionally used to symbolize the faith in god that they both share and also what Brown is leaving behind to go on his journey. Brown's wife, Faith, is also wearing pink ribbons in her hair, which give the impression that she is an innocent godly woman. Right before Brown leaves on his journey Faith says, "pr'y thee, put off your journey until sunrise." (309). This is showing that sunrise is a more pleasant and peaceful time to go on a jou... ...ed by the devil tempting Brown to join the dark side. The way in which the devil lures Brown is by convincing him that his relatives and town's people have already crossed over to the dark side and denied their faith. The struggle that Brown is now facing is whether to follow is relatives and town's people or to follow his faith in god and deny the devil, that is Brown's internal conflict. These internal and external conflicts are what turned Brown into a dynamic character by the end of the story. Instead of believing and trusting that his relatives and friends are godly, he now knows that they have all been tempted by the devil and many have crossed over to the dark side; he went from being trusting to skeptical of his friends and his faith. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodmam Brown", The Story and Its Writer, 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston:

Classroom Management

school and classroom management Researchers have pointed out the importance of assisting students in positive behaviors. In planning classroom management, teachers should consider using an assertive communication style and behavior. In addition, they should always know what they want their students to do and involve them in the respective learning activities, under the general conditions of clearly and explicitly stated school wide and classroom rules. An effective conduct management plan should also refer to teacher control and administration of consequences. The following components of such a plan are focused on in this summary: acknowledging responsible behaviors, correcting irresponsible and inappropriate behavior, ignoring, proximity control, gentle verbal reprimands, delaying, preferential seating, time owed, time-out, notification of parents/guardians, written behavioral contract, setting limits outside the classroom, and reinforcement systems. All of these components are presented so they can be identified in examples of best teaching practices. Covenant management stresses the classroom group as a social system. Covenant management focuses on the classroom group as a social system that has its own features that teachers have to take into account when managing interpersonal relationships in the classroom† (Froyen & Iverson, 1999). Teachers and students’ role and expectations shape the classroom into an environment conducive to learning. In other words, the culture of any given school is unique to that school. However, it is directly influenced by the culture of the larger community whose educational goals are to be met. A strong connection between school and community must be constantly revised and modified according to the requirements of societal dynamism. As schools become very diverse, teachers and students should become aware of how to use diversity to strengthen the classroom social group. Reference Brophy, Jere E. 1983. â€Å"Classroom Organization and Management. † The Elementary School Journal 83 (4):265 – 285. Brophy, Jere E. 1998. Motivating Students to Learn. Boston: McGraw Hill. Brophy, Jere E. , and Evertson, Carolyn M. 1976. Learning from Teaching: A Developmental Perspective. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Bossert, Steven T. 1979. Tasks and Social Relationships in Classrooms. Cambridge, Eng. : Cambridge University Press. Doyle, Walter. 1986. â€Å"Classroom Organization and Management. † In Handbook of Research on Teaching, 3rd edition, ed. Merlin Wittrock. New York: Macmillan. Doyle, Walter. 1990. â€Å"Classroom Management Techniques. † In Student Discipline Strategies, Ed. Oliver C. Moles. Albany: State University of New York Press. Doyle, Walter, and Carter, Kathy. 1984. â€Å"Academic Tasks in Classrooms. † Curriculum Inquiry 14 (2):129 – 149. Duke, Daniel, ed. 1979. Classroom Management. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Emmer, Edmund T. ; Evertson, Carolyn M. ; and Anderson, Linda M. 1980. â€Å"Effective Classroom Management at the Beginning of the School Year. † The Elementary School Journal 80 (5):219 – 231. Evertson, Carolyn M. 1985. â€Å"Training Teachers in Classroom Management: An Experiment in Secondary Classrooms. † Journal of Educational Research 79:51 – 58. Evertson, Carolyn M. 1989. â€Å"Improving Elementary Classroom Management: A School-Based Training Program for Beginning the Year. † Journal of Educational Research 83:82 – 90. Classroom Management Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. The term also implies the prevention of disruptive behavior. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers; indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether. In 1981 the US National Educational Association reported that 36% of teachers said they would probably not go into teaching if they had to decide again.A major reason was â€Å"negative student attitudes and discipline†. Solving Discipline Problems Charles H Wolfgang and Carl D Glickman 1986 (Allyn and Bacon) According to Moskowitz & Hayman (1976), once a teacher loses control of their classroom, it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to regain that control. Moskowitz, G. , & Hayman, J. L. , Jr. (1976). Success strategies of inner-city teachers: A year-long study. Journal of Educational Research, 69, 283-289.Also, research from Berliner (1988) and Brophy & Good (1986) shows that the time that teacher has to take to correct misbehavior caused by poor classroom management skills results in a lower rate of academic engagement in the classroom. Berliner, D. C. (1988). Effective classroom management and instruction: A knowledge base for consultation. In J. L. Graden, J. E. Zins, & M. J. Curtis (Eds. ), Alternative educational delivery systems: Enhancing instructional options for all students (pp. 309-325).Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists. Brophy, J. E. , & Good, T. L. (1986). Teacher behavior and student achievement. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed. ), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed. , pp. 328-375). New York: Macmillan. From the student’s perspective, effective classroom management involves clear communication of behavioral and academic expectations as well as a cooperative learning environment. Allen, J. D. (1986). Classroom management: student s' perspectives, goals, and strategies.American Educational Research Journal, 23, 437-459. Classroom management is closely linked to issues of motivation, discipline and respect. Methodologies remain a matter of passionate debate amongst teachers; approaches vary depending on the beliefs a teacher holds regarding educational psychology. A large part of traditional classroom management involves behavior modification, although many teachers see using behavioral approaches alone as overly simplistic. Many teachers establish rules and procedures at the beginning of the school year.According to Gootman (2008), rules give students concrete direction to ensure that our expectation becomes a reality. Gootman, Marilyn E. The caring teacher's guide to discipline : helping students learn self-control, responsibility, and respect, K-6. 2008, p. 36 They also try to be consistent in enforcing these rules and procedures. Many would also argue for positive consequences when rules are followed, and negative consequences when rules are broken. There are newer perspectives on classroom management that attempt to be holistic.One example is affirmation teaching, which attempts to guide students toward success by helping them see how their effort pays off in the classroom. It relies upon creating an environment where students are successful as a result of their own efforts. Pintrich, P. R. , & De Groot E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40. By creating this type of environment, students are much more likely to want to do well. This transforms a classroom into a community of well-behaved and self-directed learners.

Family and Dolls

Hinamatsuri Hinamatsuri ( ) is a girls’ festival in Japan which is on 3 March. At this festival, parents will put a display stage for their daughters that dolls wearing Wafuku and small furniture from the top to the bottom. Although this festival is not an official holiday in Japan, all of the family members will be together to bless girls for growing up happily and healthily to be an adult. It is very fastidious about the location of the dolls in the display stage. Usually, the top is a pair of emperor-Obina ( and empress-Mebina ( ) with a miniature gilded screen placed behind them like am imperial court. The second stage is Sannin Kanjo ( ), Kuwae no Choushi ( ), Sanpou ( ), and Nagae no Choushi ( ). The third stage is a Gonin BayashiI ( ), Kozutsumi ( ), Fue (? ), Utaikata ( ), Ookawa ( ), and Taiko ( ). The fourth stage is two Zuishiin ( ), Udaijin ( ) and Sadaijin ( ), with some food between them. The fifth stage is three servants and Ukon no Tachibana ( and Sakon no Sasu ra ( ). The sixth stage is some little dowry furniture. The seventh stage is car, cage, and sedan chair, etc. There are totally 15 dolls and 7 stages. Adding up with some other decorations, it would be more expensive. However, there has other choice for 1 stage, 3 stages or 5 stages. These dolls can be generation. When daughter get married, mother would give her daughter these dolls as dowry. Usually, people will put this display 1 or 2 weeks before 3 March.

Phase 1 Individual Project

Phase 1 Individual Project The Classroom Predicament Case Study Violet has persuaded Adrian into taking a risk on plagiarism by using someone else work. I think her rate should be a 2. However because Violet is not the student in this case she cannot be held responsible for her actions. Although I do feel that maybe if she would have helped Adrian with some of the work load on the job Adrian could have took the time to write her own paper. Encouraging a student to cheat is just as wrong as the student that has decided to submit a paper that is not one’s own.Louise is not the student in this case but he/she obviously has been or is a student. Therefore he/she is well aware of Academic Integrity Policy. I will have to rate her at a 3 because she did send the email as an attachment to Adrian. Encouraging a student is just as guilty as submitting the assignment essay writer life hacks. Professor Johnston because of his job at the University he is not able to bend the rules for Adr ian. I think the Professor should be rated at a 4.There are many ways to help students that are in this type of situation (overwhelmed) because many students prefer to take time away from school and never return. Dean Richards cannot be held responsible for his actions because he is only following protocols. Therefore he can only talk with Adrian and Professor Johnston to get an understanding of her actions. He will have to be ranked at a 5. Adrian is the most responsible I think she should be rate at a 1. Adrian is aware of the Academic Integrity Policy and she understands the consequences that are listed.I think Adrian should have took the time to write her own paper during her down time whether it was on her lunch break or even after work. However because the paper has been submitted I think Adrian should try to go back and submit her own work and see if the Professor would accept it and just deduct points for what she has done. An alternate strategy is to talk to the Professor i f that does not work I think she should talk to her Academic Advisor or even the Dean to take some of her load off until she is able to handle things at a normal pace again.I believe if she would have communicated with her boss she would have been in a better situation to catch up and complete all of her assignments on time without plagiarizing. In the future I recommend Adrian talk with her boss as well as her co-worker’s to get the help she need at work in order not to lose focus on her job. Then for her school work if she feels she is not able to perform at her best even with putting her all into it I think she should just take a break and try it later. Now she has a penalty on her record for plagiarizing.Students that are working full-time and have a family are faced with these situations often. There are many ways to communicate with school faculty to get the help one may need or even ones co-workers on the job. Rob was Adrian’s boos in this situation. I do not th ink that Rob is aware that Adrian is a current student in this situation and there is nowhere in the reading it is mentioned. I think Rob should be rated at a 6 because she is swamped at work with things to complete and because of her workload increase she is not able to maintain her assignments as a student.

Case analysis-Harrington Collection Essay

Problem identification In 2008, Harrington Collection, a large manufacturer and retailer of U.S. high-end women’s apparel, was facing opportunities and challenges whether to launch of active-wear products to meet the market and customers’ needs. But according to the macroeconomic environment, the target market, competitors and its own financial condition, Harrington needed to take careful consideration and then make the best decision for their own development. The U.S. women’s apparel industry Market trends From the data of U.S. Apparel Market Sale (2002-07), we could find out that, even when subjected to the impact of the economic downturn, the U.S. women’s apparel industry remained in a mature and stable state and held by continued growth momentum. The Retail Sales increased from $106 billion in 2002, to $133 billion in 2007. The average annual growth rate is 4.7%. It showed that the total sales of the women’s apparel industry did not receive the macroeconomic impact. Consumers still had a high desire to go shopping. At the same time, analyzed the data from U.S. Apparel Market Units, influenced by the economic downturn, consumers were more interested in less than $100, low-priced women’s apparel. From 2005 to 2007, the growth rate of units sold in more than $200 is 3.4%, the product growth rate of between $100-200 is 1.4%, and $50 to 100 product growth rate is 14.3%, while less than $50 low-priced products have the highest growth rate of 16.1%. The low-cost market has a great opportunity for manufacturers. Characteristics and competition The value chain of the women’s apparel industry is about: (1) branding; (2) design; (3) buying; (4) production; (5) channel marketing; (6) distribution; and (7) retailing. In the era of apparel products are relative homogenization, price war seems to become a common method to erode the market share of each other between brands. Each brand need to face how to  effectively reduce costs. Many brands established overseas plants or outsourced to overseas factories. This could reduce their cost of production and labor. Through effective monitoring, the overseas factory’s products also have a good quality. This makes the increased competition on the market. Women’s apparel retailers included department stores, mass merchandisers, specialty stores, and warehouse clubs/supercenters. Among them, the specialty stores got the 1st position, 58.6% share of channel, changed 11% from 2005 to 2007. The 2nd place is department store, 19.0%. Mass merchandisers got the 3rd position with 11.4%. In the retailing women’s apparel for the U.S. market, the most important distribution channel is specialty store. Harrington Collection Company’s background As a nearly 50-year history of the women’s apparel brand, Harrington Collection has a clear market positioning. Targeted at the high-end market is the original intention of Harrington Collection. The 1980s, the Harrington Collection expanded Vigor and Christina Cole brands, the product line aimed at the younger customer market. Because of their superior quality, knowledgeable sales staff and designer styles, they have a group of loyal customers. Four product lines Harrington Collection targeted affluent, fashionable, college-educated, professional women from 25 to 60. This company has four product lines, covered three classifications (Designer, Bridge, and Better) of the women’s apparel market. They targeted women of different ages, different background, and different family income. The Harrington Limited, as the â€Å"Designer† classification. This product line focuses on the Designer Collection, targets the customer as â€Å"Sophisticated Elegance†. Their age is from 35 to 60, an average household income is more than $200k. The retail price range is $500-$1000+. And it has 20% of Market Share, as the â€Å"Cash Cow†. It shows Harrington Collection’s market position is a high-end brand. Harrington Limited is the company’s most important product, and as a high-end brand, the products could show the strength of Harrington Collection. The Sopra, positions as the â€Å"Bridge† classification. This product line focuses on the Evening Wear; it targets the consumers of â€Å"Status Seeker†. The retail price  is about $400-$800. Most of the customers are 35-60; household income is more than $150k. The market share of Sopra is the lowest among the four product lines, only 5%. It is the â€Å"Dog† product, but the Evening Wear means the high-end position of a company, Harrington Collection needs to keep this product line. The Christina Cole, positions as the â€Å"Bridge† classification. This product line focuses on the high-end Career Wear; it targets the customers of â€Å"Office Chic†, with the price from $300-$700. The average information of the customers is 30-55, with more than $100k household income. The market share is 8%. The market positioning of this classification’s products are very competitive, so 8% is acceptable. It is the â€Å"Star†. The Vigor, â€Å"Better† classification’s product line, focuses on the Career Wear. Targeted customers are â€Å"Trend Setter†. They are from 25 to 50, with more than $75k household income. As the targeted age of the customers is younger than the others product lines, this line is full of fresh and flexible. It is able to adapt to the needs of the market to react and change, the â€Å"Star†. Manufactory strategy Harrington Collection does not set up overseas factories in Asia or outsourcing, for two reasons. First, they expected of high-quality women’s apparel products, good quality make their products to attract high-end consumers. Second, they hoped to catch up with the fashion, the close plants will have a high speed to deliver their product to the retail department, it could be able to help the brand issue season’s trend styles with the fastest speed. This strategy improves the cost of product, but it will help to enhance the brand image. Active wear In recent years, more and more of the company launched its own active wear products, just like hoodie, pants, and tee-shirt. Consumers buy active wear’s aimed not just in gym, but worn in everyday life. Consumers believe that active wear is very comfortable, very fresh, and very casual. There is also a very important reason, active wear is relatively cheap. In 2007, the â€Å"moderate† and â€Å"budget† classifications got 80% of market share on the apparel market and sold 7.5 million units in that year. But in 2009, many brands started to transform at the level of the â€Å"better† active wear. The average selling price was just below $100.By such changes in the market, we  can see that the consumer’s demand of high-grade active wear was increased. And consumers are willing and able to buy high-end active wear. Active wear of Vigor Division To Harrington Collection, in 2007 and 2008, the active wear market was not suitable for them to locate a high-end brand. Their brands, Vigor, the lowest level of the product line, but also achieve the â€Å"Better† classification. At that time, the consumers were more interested in the cheaper products. But the Market trends had a sudden shift in 2009, so Harrington Collection got an excellent opportunity to join into the active wear market. Harrington Collection’s Vigor brand is the most suitable for the introduction of active wear products. In the minds of consumers, Harrington Collection is a high-end brand, if Vigor was able to launch active wear products, would be favored by the consumers of high-end brands. Vigor’s styles were much more flexible than the others brands of Harrington Collection. And the core styles of active wear were about fresh and lifestyle. As a brand of Harrington Collection, Vigor continued the strategy of their company, provided the hi gh quality and agility products to fix the consumers’ needs, wants, and demands. This would attract the existing customers of Harrington Collection to purchase Vigor active wear products, because they believed that these garments were high quality and fashion. The Vigor team made decision about pricing. That hoodie, tee-shirt, and pants would be $100, $40, and $80, it seemed not a very high price, the working-class even could afford for them. It could help Vigor to get shares in the market of â€Å"moderate† classification. However, the establishment of a new product line requires the purchase of new equipment, the new plant, equipped with the appropriate staff. Harrington Collection needed to build a management team, design team. However, even the prospects of the market were perfect, but it still had a high risk to invest. Because of the market was full of uncertainties. But as a very promising project, Harrington Collection should carry out investment and development. Potential retail trade Because of the Vigor has laid a foundation, with a number of loyal customers. The active wear’s released as a new product sold in the present  market. Consumers can purchase the Vigor products from company-owned stores, upscale department and sociality stores. Company-owned stores’ sales and units are about 20% of the other two kind’s stores. Company-owned stores As the retail group of the Harrington Collection, they operated 120 stores, 50 of them were dedicated solely to the Vigor division. As the advantages of these stores that belong to the same forest senior enterprise distribution strategy can be effective implementation. Harrington Collection can avoid large retailers control, independent development and implementation of the marketing strategy. In these stores, Harrington Collection can be unified planning, unified propaganda, to help establish and enhance brand image. The stores’ management can be more direct contact with the market, and is easy to understand the changes in market demand, and at first time to adjust the marketing strategy. But with the high operating costs, many involve the management of business, need to invest a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. Upscale department and sociality stores As another two very important sales channels, they sold 80% of the Harrington Collection’s products. Both the two storefronts implement the same plan and strategy, with a certain degree of stability and integrity, and at the same time are able to avoid the vicious competition among the channel members. However, in this distribution channel, the prices of the previous link directly decide the latter part of the cost. Vigor’s active-wear The Vigor active-wear’s pricing relative to other products is relatively low, less than $100. This series is a strong attraction for consumers. In the initial launch, Vigor would be vigorously publicized. With Harrington Collection’s brand awareness, it was estimated that due to the current market demand is relatively large, and will soon get a valid response. The pricing strategy of Vigor active-wear is market skimming prices. Although these prices are lower than the other products of Vigor. But the variable costs of these products are only $20.55 (Hoodie), $7.50 (Tee-shirt), and $16.40 (Pants). The pricings are $100.00 (Hoodie), $40.00 (Tee-shirt), and $80 (Pants). Even with other related variable costs, and the fixed costs as  well as the construction of the plant, the purchase of equipment, and the administrative expenses of the management. The total cost of the product is much lower than the pricing. This pricing strategy can maximize profits of each single product. And it will not affect their own brand positioning to consumers buying enthusiasm. These products as same with other products of Vigor, will perform the same sales strategy; simultaneous promotion. The active-wear will not become a special product, which will affect the attitude of consumers to Vigor, that the active-wear of lower grade, or a decline in sales situations. Vigor’s competitors’ reaction â€Å"Better† level Positioning â€Å"Better† level the active-wear market is very competitive. Liz Claiborne’s Juicy Couture was one of the early leaders in this market. The leading companies, such as Jones Apparel Group and Liz Claiborne, both of them had a high share in the women’s apparel market. Even more, most of their products positioned in the â€Å"Better† classification. After Harrington Collection released Vigor series active-wear, the two companies will certainly respond. These two competitors in the overall grade lower than Harrington Collection, but because they build factories in the third world, their cost is lower than Harrington Collection, so they can drive down prices, establish a price war in this â€Å"Better† classification. At the same level, the relative homogenizations of active-wear products make it difficult to get a breakthrough in the design. So the price seems to have become a major factor in many consumers’ choice. Each company will be fully developed characteristics of their own company’s products, in order to attract more loyal customers, and seize the market share of other companies. Other levels Competitors with the same grade of the Harrington Collection will seize this opportunity to enter the active-wear market. They will not have a distinct advantage in the price, even in the presence of a disadvantage. But their quality may be higher, more innovative style design; fabric selection will be more comfortable. These products will attract high-end consumers’ details. The low-end brands will not impact on the formation of Vigor. They target different customer groups, both the customers will not be  influenced by each other. There is no direct competition, but would impact overall active-wear market share. Potential financial impact of Vigor active-wear manufacturing group The establishment and promotion of a new product needs to Harrington Collection invest. As the Vigor active-wear manufacturing group, this part of the investment is very high. The pants’ equipment costing was about $2 million and plant start-up cost estimated at $1.2 million. This program’s cost estimated $3 million. The hoodie and tee-shirt’s equipment costing was about $2.5 million and plant start-up cost estimated at $2.5 million. This program’s cost estimated $3.5 million. The expenses of national advertising and public relations campaign were estimated at $2 million. The carrying of active-wear line for every company-owned store was $50000 per store. The total carrying expense was about $2.5 million for 50 company-owned stores. The other data will be calculated in the form at the end of this part. In the end, the profit before tax in 2009 was $6,304,590. The profit margin before tax was 15.8%. Make decision A mature company should be good at discovering market opportunities, and seize the opportunity. Every investment has its risks, and identifies real opportunities for each company is very important. As people increasingly focus on practical demand for clothing, active-wear has good market prospects, and Harrington Collection has an advantage for the development of this product line. Even though the initial investment is huge, but this product is also huge gains. These products sale for a period of time then  the early investment will be recovered form earnings. Harrington Collection should let Vigor add this product line.